Supreme Court (Indian Polity)
Extremely High Importance
• Judicial Review & Basic Structure Doctrine: Articles 13, 32, and 136; the evolution of the Basic Structure (Kesavananda Bharati case).
• Writ Jurisdiction: A detailed comparison of Article 32 (Supreme Court) versus Article 226 (High Courts); types of writs (Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Certiorari, Prohibition, Quo-Warranto).
• Appointment & Removal of Judges: The Collegium System vs. NJAC; Articles 124(2) and 124(4); criteria for the removal of a Supreme Court judge.
Very High Importance
• Jurisdictions of the SC: Original (Article 131), Appellate (Articles 132–134), and Advisory Jurisdiction (Article 143).
• Special Leave Petition (SLP): Article 136—its scope, discretionary power, and landmark judgments.
• Curative & Review Petitions: The mechanism of Article 137; Rupa Ashok Hurra v. Ashok Hurra case.
Highly Important
• Court of Record: Article 129 and the power to punish for contempt of court.
• Judicial Activism vs. Judicial Restraint: Public Interest Litigation (PIL) evolution and its impact on governance.
🌡️ Heat & Temperature (Physics)
Extremely High Importance
• Modes of Heat Transfer: Conduction, Convection, and Radiation; real-world applications (e.g., sea breeze/land breeze, thermos flasks, insulation).
• Temperature Scales & Conversions: Formulas relating Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin (\(C/5 = (F-32)/9 = K - 273.15\)); the concept of Absolute Zero.
• Anomalous Expansion of Water: Why water contracts between 0°C and 4°C, and its biological significance for aquatic life in winter.
Very High Importance
• Latent Heat vs. Specific Heat Capacity: Latent heat of fusion/vaporization; why steam burns are more severe than boiling water burns; formulas (\(Q = mc\Delta T\) and \(Q = mL\)).
• Thermal Expansion: Expansion in solids, liquids, and gases; practical examples like railway track gaps and bimetallic strips.
Highly Important
• Newton's Law of Cooling: The rate of loss of heat and its dependence on temperature differences.
• Laws of Thermodynamics: Basic conceptual understanding of the Zeroth, First, and Second laws.
Socio-Religious Reform Movements (Indian History)
Extremely High Importance
• Brahmo Samaj & Raja Ram Mohan Roy: Abolition of Sati (1829), monotheism, Sambad Kaumudi, and the split into Adi Brahmo Samaj and Brahmo Samaj of India.
• Arya Samaj & Swami Dayanand Saraswati: "Back to Vedas" slogan, Satyarth Prakash, Shuddhi movement, and the setup of D.A.V. schools.
• Satyashodhak Samaj & Jyotirao Phule: Focus on anti-caste movements, education for women/lower castes, and the book Gulamgiri.
Very High Importance
• Ramakrishna Mission & Swami Vivekananda: Chicago Parliament of Religions (1893), practical Vedanta, and humanitarian relief work.
• Aligarh Movement & Sir Syed Ahmed Khan: Modern education among Muslims, establishment of MAO College (later AMU), and opposition to political agitation.
• Young Bengal Movement & Henry Vivian Derozio: Radical trend, inspiration from the French Revolution, and free-thinking philosophy.
Highly Important
• Prarthana Samaj & Atmaram Pandurang: Social reforms in Western India, heavily championed by M.G. Ranade.
• Self-Respect Movement & E.V. Ramasamy (Periyar): Anti-Brahmanical movement in South India.
• Theosophical Society & Annie Besant: Home Rule League connection and Central Hindu College at Banaras.
